ABSTRACT
Neurotrophic keratitis is a rare corneal disease that is challenging to treat. Corneal neurotization (CN) is among the developing treatments that uses the supraorbital (SON) or supratrochlear (STN) nerve as a donor. Therefore, the goal of this study was to provide the detailed anatomy of these nerves and clarify their feasibility as donors for ipsilateral CN. Both sides of 10 fresh-frozen cadavers were used in this study, and the SON and STN were dissected using a microscope intra- and extraorbitally. The topographic data between the exit points of these nerves and the medial and lateral angle of the orbit were measured, and nerve rotation of these nerves toward the ipsilateral cornea were attempted. The SON and STN were found on 19 of 20 sides. The vertical and horizontal distances between the exit point of the SON and that of the STN, were 7.3±2.1 mm (vertical) and 4.5±2.3 mm, respectively. The mean linear distances between the medial angle and the exit points of each were 22.2±3.0 mm and 14.5±1.9 mm, respectively, and the mean linear distances between the lateral angle and the exit points of the SON and STN were 34.0±2.7 mm and 36.9±2.5 mm, respectively. These nerves rotated ipsilaterally toward the center of the orbit easily. A better understanding of the anatomy of these nerves can contribute to the development and improvement of ipsilateral CN.
ABSTRACT
Neurotrophic keratitis is a rare corneal disease that is challenging to treat. Corneal neurotization (CN) is among the developing treatments that uses the supraorbital (SON) or supratrochlear (STN) nerve as a donor. Therefore, the goal of this study was to provide the detailed anatomy of these nerves and clarify their feasibility as donors for ipsilateral CN. Both sides of 10 fresh-frozen cadavers were used in this study, and the SON and STN were dissected using a microscope intra- and extraorbitally. The topographic data between the exit points of these nerves and the medial and lateral angle of the orbit were measured, and nerve rotation of these nerves toward the ipsilateral cornea were attempted. The SON and STN were found on 19 of 20 sides. The vertical and horizontal distances between the exit point of the SON and that of the STN, were 7.3±2.1 mm (vertical) and 4.5±2.3 mm, respectively. The mean linear distances between the medial angle and the exit points of each were 22.2±3.0 mm and 14.5±1.9 mm, respectively, and the mean linear distances between the lateral angle and the exit points of the SON and STN were 34.0±2.7 mm and 36.9±2.5 mm, respectively. These nerves rotated ipsilaterally toward the center of the orbit easily. A better understanding of the anatomy of these nerves can contribute to the development and improvement of ipsilateral CN.
ABSTRACT
Ossification of parts of the intracranial dura mater is common and is generally accepted as an age-related finding. Additionally, duplication of the abducens nerve along its course to the lateral rectus muscle is a known, although uncommon anatomical variant. During routine cadaveric dissection, an ossified portion of dura mater traveling over the trigeminal nerve's entrance (porus trigeminus) into the middle cranial fossa was observed unilaterally. Ipsilaterally, a duplicated abducens nerve was also observed, with a unique foramen superolateral to the entrance of Dorello's canal. To our knowledge, there has been no existing report of a simultaneous ossified roof of the porus trigeminus with an ipsilateral duplicated abducens nerve. Herein, we discuss this case and the potential clinical and surgical applications. We believe this case report will be informative for the skull base surgeon in the diagnosis of neuralgic pain in the frontomaxillary, andibular, orbital, and external and middle ear regions.
Subject(s)
Abducens Nerve , Cadaver , Cranial Fossa, Middle , Diagnosis , Dura Mater , Ear, Middle , Orbit , Skull Base , Trigeminal NeuralgiaABSTRACT
The omohyoid muscle typically has an inferior belly originating from the superior border of the scapula, and then passes deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle where its superior belly passes almost vertically upward next to the lateral border of sternohyoid to attach to the inferior border of the body of the hyoid bone lateral to the insertion of sternohyoid. Herein, we report an unusual variant of the omohyoid and sternohyoid muscles. As the omohyoid muscle is commonly used as a surgical landmark during neck dissections, knowledge of its variations such as the one described in the current report is important to surgeons.
Subject(s)
Anatomic Variation , Cadaver , Hyoid Bone , Muscles , Neck Dissection , Neck Muscles , Neck , Scapula , SurgeonsABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of <i>Lactobacillus gasseri</i> OLL2809 (MG2809) intake on salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) secretion and incidence of upper-respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptoms among college rugby athletes. Sixty-seven subjects were assigned to a MG2809 group (n = 33) or a placebo group (n = 34) using a double-blind procedure. Each subject took MG2809 or placebo tablets for 9 weeks. Resting saliva samples were collected before (0 week) and after 2, 4, 6, 8, and 9 weeks of the MG2809 intakes. A log of URTI symptoms was kept every day during the study period. Our results showed that salivary SIgA level was significantly increased at 6 weeks in the MG2809 group (p < 0.05), although the placebo group did not show significant change. The duration of URTI symptoms episode in the MG2809 group was significantly shorter than that in the placebo (p < 0.05). These results suggest that regular intake of MG2809 may enhance oral immune function mediated by SIgA and reduce the risk of URTI in athletes.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between alterations of salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and the occurrence of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) in rugby football players.We examined the relationship between the onset of URTI and the daily alterations of SIgA levels in 32 male collegiate rugby football players (20.5±1.3 years) during summer training camp for 36 days.Total of 6 in 32 subjects had the appearance of URTI symptoms (18 %). SIgA secretion rate decreased significantly in the middle of training camp compared to the baseline (P＜0.05). Furthermore, SIgA secretion rate during the appearance of URTI (13.7±1.1μg/min) were significantly lower than that without symptoms (19.2±1.4 μg/min, P＜0.01). These results suggest that serial monitoring of SIgA may be useful to assess the risk status of URTI affection in athletes.
ABSTRACT
The present study was conducted to obtain basic information about blood glucose fluctuation and relation with race performance during 100 km marathon. Subcutaneous glucose of one well-trained runner was measured by continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) at 5 min interval and blood samples for biochemical analysis were drawn at pre, middle and post of the race. Energy balance during one week prior to the 100 km race was recorded, and the whole energy and fluid intake during the race was analyzed. Blood glucose fluctuated reflecting duration of exercise and energy supply during the race. During the latter part of the race (65–70 km), abrupt declines in blood glucose level, which reflected insufficient carbohydrate intake before the race (119 g), were accompanied by decrease in running speed. The present report suggests that continuous glucose monitoring supplemented with standard nutritional and physiological measurement provides precise and valuable information on runner’s energy state during the ultra-endurance race, and that athletes need to reassess their preparation for the race and planning of energy intake during the race.
ABSTRACT
The present study was conducted to obtain basic information about blood glucose fluctuation and relation with race performance during 100 km marathon. Subcutaneous glucose of one well-trained runner was measured by continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) at 5 min interval and blood samples for biochemical analysis were drawn at pre, middle and post of the race. Energy balance during one week prior to the 100 km race was recorded, and the whole energy and fluid intake during the race was analyzed. Blood glucose fluctuated reflecting duration of exercise and energy supply during the race. During the latter part of the race (65–70 km), abrupt declines in blood glucose level, which reflected insufficient carbohydrate intake before the race (119 g), were accompanied by decrease in running speed. The present report suggests that continuous glucose monitoring supplemented with standard nutritional and physiological measurement provides precise and valuable information on runner’s energy state during the ultra-endurance race, and that athletes need to reassess their preparation for the race and planning of energy intake during the race.